Orthodox Judaism in Israel operates through a fractured system of religious authority, creating widespread confusion and inconsistency in matters of conversion, territorial claims, and demographic planning. Through ethnographic observation and documentary analysis of three distinct cases, significant discrepancies emerge in how different Orthodox authorities interpret and apply Jewish law (halakha). The conversion process particularly illustrates this dysfunction: of approximately 6,000 annual applications, only 500-600 result in successful conversions due to competing rabbinic standards and bureaucratic hurdles. Analysis of rabbinic debates over West Bank territories, a high-profile basketball player's controversial conversion case, and university-sponsored Jewish study sessions reveals how political considerations frequently influence religious determinations. Demographic shifts compound these challenges, with Mizrahi family fertility rates dropping from 5.3 children in 1950 to 3.7 by 1975, raising concerns about Jewish demographic sustainability. The absence of standardized procedures across autonomous rabbinic courts has created an institutional vacuum, highlighting fundamental tensions between religious authority, political pragmatism, and social needs in contemporary Israeli society. These findings carry significant implications for Jewish identity and continuity in Israel's complex religious landscape.