How can Jewish theology meaningfully engage with both traditional frameworks and contemporary Jewish experiences? This pressing question underlies critical debates between prominent thinkers Richard Rubenstein and Arthur Green regarding Jewish identity, power, and spiritual meaning in the post-Holocaust era. Through critical analysis of recent theological discourse, three key areas emerge: theological responses to modern Jewish political realities, particularly the State of Israel; halakhic interpretations regarding conversion standards and interfaith marriage within Conservative Judaism; and educational challenges facing Jewish deaf communities. Significant tensions arise between traditional Jewish theological frameworks and contemporary Jewish experiences, particularly regarding the exercise of Jewish political power and the application of halakhic principles in diverse social contexts. Effective Jewish theology must engage seriously with both traditional Jewish sources and modern Jewish realities, including the complexities of Israeli statehood and diaspora Jewish life. The discussion reveals ongoing debates about maintaining religious authenticity while adapting to contemporary circumstances, with particular emphasis on the need for theological discourse that addresses practical communal challenges rather than remaining purely academic. These communications collectively demonstrate the evolving nature of Jewish thought in response to modern historical and social developments.