Israel's establishment marked an unprecedented turning point in Jewish unity, creating bonds among global Jewish communities stronger than any seen since the Maccabean period. Yet after twenty-five years of statehood, Israel's role in Jewish life proves more complex than early Zionist visions anticipated. Through comparative historical analysis, Cohen reveals how Israel's success has dramatically restored Jewish pride and cultural standing, securing acceptance in Western academic institutions and reversing centuries of marginalization. Nevertheless, fundamental challenges of Jewish history persist - particularly regarding security and the "Jewish Question." Israel continues to depend on major imperial powers for survival, echoing historical patterns of Jewish reliance on ruling authorities. The evidence suggests that viewing Israel as an exclusive Jewish homeland oversimplifies the reality and may undermine broader Jewish interests. Rather, the vitality of Diaspora communities emerges as essential for both Israel's security and sustained Jewish unity. Effective Jewish education grounded in shared covenant and commitment, not merely geographic connection, remains crucial in both Israeli and Diaspora contexts for transcending traditional divisions and ensuring Jewish continuity.