Can tragic events occur outside of divine control? This theological dilemma has challenged Jewish thinkers for millennia, generating diverse perspectives on providence, fate, and human suffering. Through systematic analysis of classical Jewish texts - from Talmudic discussions to medieval philosophical works by Maimonides, Gersonides, and Joseph Albo - a complex theological spectrum emerges. The investigation spans biblical exegesis on accidental manslaughter (Exodus 21:13) through medieval treatises on providence and natural law, revealing competing models of divine involvement in human misfortune. While some authorities maintain absolute divine control over all events, including apparent accidents, others acknowledge significant limitations to providence. These range from deterministic views attributing all misfortune to divine punishment, to nuanced positions recognizing autonomous "natural forces" (haolam beminhago noheig), to frameworks incorporating stellar influences (mazal) affecting even the righteous. Medieval authorities like Sefer Hinnukh emphasize human responsibility to guard against "happenstance and phenomena that have force in the world," while Maimonides conceptualizes evil as privation inherent in physical existence. This research demonstrates substantial precedent within Jewish thought for understanding tragic events as genuinely random occurrences rather than divine punishment - a framework potentially offering greater spiritual comfort to mourners than conventional theodicies insisting on divine causation of all suffering.