Curiouser and Curiouser Teshuvah on Gene
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This responsum examines whether genetically engineered foods present new kashrut concerns or violate biblical prohibitions against mixing species (kilayim). The methodology involves comprehensive analysis of traditional Jewish legal sources, including Talmudic literature, medieval commentaries, and modern halakhic authorities, applied to contemporary biotechnology. The study addresses two primary questions: whether genetic material from non-kosher sources renders otherwise kosher foods unkosher, and whether genetic engineering constitutes prohibited species mixing under kilayim laws. The main findings indicate that kashrut laws regarding admixtures do not apply to submicroscopic genetic manipulation, as halakhah traditionally disregards microscopic elements invisible to the naked eye. Regarding kilayim, the research reveals that Jewish law demonstrates extraordinary leniency toward hybrid products, permitting consumption of offspring from prohibited cross-breeding and allowing non-Jews to perform such activities for Jewish benefit. The analysis concludes that genetic engineering bears minimal resemblance to the sexual and grafting processes explicitly prohibited by Torah, and that treating these laws as divine decrees (chukim) limits their application to biblically specified cases. The responsum permits genetically engineered foods for consumption and generally allows the genetic engineering process itself, while noting that commercial applications often serve life-saving purposes such as feeding global populations. However, the author reserves judgment regarding extensive genetic modifications that would alter species' gross identifying characteristics, suggesting this area requires further halakhic consideration.

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Published 2000
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Avram Reisner