Jewish attitudes toward non-Jews have evolved dramatically from their biblical origins, revealing a tension between universalistic principles and exclusivist interpretations that continues to challenge modern Jewish thought. Through historical-critical analysis of biblical, rabbinic, and kabbalistic texts, three problematic developments emerge: the transformation of Israel's biblical "election" from a universal mission into a marker of superiority, the reframing of spiritual concepts like "holy seed" into biological categories, and the emergence of kabbalistic teachings denying gentiles the divine image. While the original biblical vision positioned Israel's chosenness as serving humanity's collective relationship with God, subsequent interpretations increasingly departed from this universalistic framework. The analysis traces how spiritual metaphors gradually morphed into claims of genetic superiority, culminating in explicitly exclusivist theological positions. These developments stand in direct conflict with foundational biblical principles of human unity descending from Adam and the prophetic vision of universal divine recognition. Such exclusivist elements represent historical accretions rather than essential Jewish teachings, necessitating a careful reexamination of traditional values. This reassessment is particularly crucial given Israel's current position among nations and Judaism's core commitment to justice, righteousness, and human dignity.