Jewish legal tradition wrestles with a profound question: how should Judaism conceptualize moral obligations for non-Jews? David Novak's "The Image of the Non-Jew in Judaism" tackles this challenge through an examination of Noahide laws - seven commandments that rabbinic literature assigns to gentiles, including prohibitions against idolatry, blasphemy, sexual immorality, murder, robbery, eating flesh from a living animal, and the requirement to establish courts of justice. Through detailed textual analysis of Talmudic and medieval sources, Novak traces how Jewish thought evolved from the concept of "ger toshav" (resident alien) to the normative Noahide category. His investigation reveals that Noahide legislation functions more as a theology of law than a practical code, providing theoretical framework for Jewish-gentile relations rather than concrete governance. The work challenges attempts to interpret these laws through modern philosophical frameworks, particularly critiquing Hermann Cohen's Kantian reading of Jewish natural law theory. While Novak successfully illuminates rabbinic perspectives on universal morality, his analysis exposes the tensions between traditional Jewish sources and contemporary philosophical systems, especially regarding concepts of natural law and ethical monotheism.