This editorial examines Catholic-Jewish relations twenty years after the Second Vatican Council's 1965 document that fundamentally transformed interfaith dialogue between the two religious communities. The analysis focuses on three key Vatican documents: the original 1965 proclamation, the 1975 "Guidelines," and the newly issued "Notes on the Correct Way to Present the Jews and Judaism in Preaching and Catechesis in the Roman Catholic Church." The methodology involves comparative textual analysis of these ecclesiastical documents and examination of divergent scholarly interpretations. The study reveals conflicting assessments of the Church's evolving position on supersessionism—the theological doctrine that Christianity has replaced Judaism. While some Catholic officials view the progression as consistently moving toward greater dialogue and mutual respect, Jewish critics identify concerning nuances suggesting potential retreat from earlier rejections of Jewish theological inferiority. Key findings indicate particular tensions regarding the Vatican's treatment of the State of Israel and the Holocaust's significance. The analysis concludes that despite two decades of improved relations, fundamental theological obstacles remain in achieving genuine Catholic-Jewish reconciliation based on mutual respect and authentic dialogue between equals.