When the Vatican opened its World War II diplomatic archives, a devastating portrait emerged of an institution that failed to fully mobilize its diplomatic resources to aid Jews during the Holocaust, betraying its own humanitarian ideals through a policy of diplomatic reserve. John F. Morley's groundbreaking analysis of 4,000 Vatican records spanning Romania, France, Croatia, Slovakia, Germany, Italy, and Poland reveals systematic shortcomings in Vatican intervention between 1939-1943. Moving beyond the oft-debated question of Pius XII's public silence, Morley examines the broader institutional response through previously inaccessible Vatican documents, complemented by records from Yad Vashem, the Centre de Documentation Juive, and Nuremberg Trial proceedings. His methodology evaluates Vatican diplomatic efforts against the institution's stated principles of justice and humanitarian concern, focusing on actions attempted rather than outcomes achieved - acknowledging the limited influence any intervention might have wielded against the Holocaust's momentum. The evidence points to failures at multiple levels - from local nuncios to the Secretary of State to the Pope himself - while raising broader questions about institutional responses to genocide and the influence of anti-Semitic attitudes within Church hierarchy. Through meticulous documentary analysis, Morley provides definitive evidence for what were previously speculative assessments of Vatican conduct during this critical period.